Lizandra Lima Santos*, Lethicia Barreto Brandão, Anderson Luiz Pena da Costa, Rosany Lopes Martins, Alex Bruno Lobato Rodrigues, Sheylla Susan Moreira Silva de Almeida

Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry-Federal University of Amapa- 10 Highway Jucelino Kubistichek, Garden Zero-CEP: Macapa-AP, BRAZIL.

Correspondence

Dr. Lizandra Lima Santos,

Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry-Federal University of Amapa- 10 Highway Jucelino Kubistichek, Garden Zero-CEP: 68.902-280, Macapa-AP, BRAZIL.

E-mail: [email protected]

History

• Submission Date: 16-09-2021;

• Review completed: 10-11-2021;

• Accepted Date: 25-11-2021.

DOI : 10.5530/phrev.2022.16.7

Article Available online

http://www.phcogrev.com/v16/i31

Copyright

© 2022 Phcog.Net. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

INTRODUCTION

The use of medicinal plants is an ancient practice used by man to cure various ailments and is expanding throughout the world. Medicinal plants are the only readily available resource found in fairs, popular markets, as well as backyards or areas of native vegetation. Brazil is a colossal source of natural chemical substances with therapeutic effects, due to its size and variety of ecosystems that offer rich possibilities that can meet the needs of different communities, especially those in need.^[1]

Among this biodiversity of medicinal plants, the study of plant extracts, as well as their essential oils, arises as an expectation to find substances with repellent and insecticide activities that can be selected to be used in future formulations of a commercial product.

Plants with insecticidal activity have compounds originated from their secondary metabolism, which constitutes their chemical defense against herbivorous insects. The insecticidal active compounds can be derived from the whole plant or their parts, in most cases, they can be the plant material itself, usually ground until it is reduced to powder, or products derived by aqueous extraction or with organic solvents.^[2]

The species of the Lamiaceae family have the potential to obtain essential oils (EO), which have several biological functions in folk medicine, used to treat burns, headache, colic, fever, as well as reports of anti-flu, insecticide, repellent activities, antibacterial and combating intestinal parasites.^[3]

Given the need to combat so-called neglected diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and chikungunya, transmitted by the A. aegypti mosquito, which has victimized and caused the death of thousands of people, the insertion of herbal medicines in the public system of health would help in the quality of primary care provided to the population and also as an alternative to vector control. Therefore, this review proposes to survey some recent works related to the Lamiaceae family with potential for the development of herbal medicines for control of diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti, emphasizing the promising technological innovations with a repellent and insecticide and larvicide action mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study is an analysis of the data concerning the potential of the Lamiaceae family in the control of diseases transmitted by the mosquito of the species Aedes aegypti, through a narrative review,^[4] aimed to evaluate the published studies 2010 to 2021 (11 years).

In this sense, to contextualize this theme, searches were conducted in the electronic databases LILACS, SCIELO, Pubmed, and Scopus using the descriptors previously consulted in the DECs (Descriptors in Health Sciences) “Aedes aegypti”, “Lamiaceae” AND “insecticide” and their correspondents in Portuguese and in Spanish.

After reading the titles and abstracts, it was included in this review articles that fit the proposed theme and addressed the development and validation of herbal medicines with plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family with applicability in disease control. Articles that did not present any aspect of the proposed theme or that were written in any other languages than those abovementioned, as well as thesis and dissertation results were adopted as exclusion criteria, due to the large amount publications.

RESULTS AND DICUSSION

SECONDARY METABOLITES

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions (anabolic, catabolic, or biotransformation) that continuously occur inside cells. In the plant cells, metabolism is normally divided into primary and secondary. The primary metabolism has essential functions in the plant, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and transport of solutes; the compounds of this metabolism are distributed universally in plants. In contrast, the secondary metabolism occurs differently in each plant, and it usually does not occur universally distributed among the plant’s parts; it has an important ecological function in plants, such as protection against herbivores and pathogens, competition between plants, attraction for pollinators, and seed dispersers, and symbiotic microorganisms.^[11]

There are three major groups of secondary metabolites: terpenes, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. Terpenoids have the most varied structures than other natural plant products, their name is because the first members of the class were isolated from turpentine (terpentin in German). They are formed through the successive juxtaposition of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP-C5) from which the other terpenes (monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), triterpenes (C30), and tetraterpenes (C40)) originate.^[12]

The phenolic compounds form a group that is very present in everyday life, even though it is not noticed. In this way, much of the flavor, odor, and color of several vegetables highlight the characteristics of this group. They are important substances for the protection of plants against adverse environmental and biotic factors, as well as the conquest of the terrestrial environment by plants. Chemically, they are formed by at least one aromatic ring in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by a hydroxyl group. There are two main routes for the biosynthesis of these compounds: the shikimic acid pathway and the mevalonic acid pathway, which is less significant.^[13] Another important class of secondary metabolism is the alkaloids, which presents activity on the nervous system, many of which are widely used as poisons or hallucinogens. Chemically, they are formed by cyclic organic compounds with at least one nitrogen atom in their ring, most of which are alkaline due to the presence of the N atom representing a pair of unshared electrons.^[12]

In this context, chemical analysis of secondary metabolites and botanical material, whether leaves, fruits, branches, and flowers, can provide essential information for the formulation of high-quality natural products through pharmacognostic research.

THE LAMIACEAE FAMILY

The plants of the Lamiaceae family (Labiatae) have agricultural importance and are widely used in cooking, traditional medicine, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Lamiaceae is one of the largest Angiosperm families, with a cosmopolitan distribution including approximately 300 genera and 7,500 species worldwide. In Brazil, there are about 350 species distributed in 26 genera.^[14]

In the chemical and economic scope, the Lamiaceae family has the potential for the extraction of essential oils, which are produced from hairs and glandular trichomes, and their studies are aimed at evaluating the constituents present in the oils. With the characterization and qualification of chemicals present in the OE, it is expected to establish a relationship between the possible application of a product of natural origin to problems that have accompanied humanity since ancient times, for example, crop infestation, bacterial control, fungicide, repellent, and insecticide, as long as they are tested through in vivo and in vitro assays, and that they have scientific proof.^[15]

These species are herbaceous or shrubs with simple leaves, without stipules, with an entire leaf blade, jagged, serrated, lobed or split, with opposite crossed phyllotaxis, being less frequently verticillated or alternating and rarely composed.^[16,17] They present tetrangular stems and branches, when young, strongly zygomorphic, bilabiate flowers, and a gynobasic stylet ovary.^[18]

NEGLECTED DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY AEDES AEGYPTI

Neglected diseases are those caused by infectious agents or parasites and are considered endemic in low-income populations, contributing to the maintenance of inequality between countries. As examples of neglected diseases, we have dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and chikungunya, all transmitted by the A. aegypti mosquito.^[19]

The occurrence of A. aegypti was first described in Egypt by Linnaeus, in 1762, which gave it its specific name (Aedes aegypti). It was recognized as a transmitter of yellow fever in 1881, by Carlos J. Finlay. In 1906, Brancroft published the first evidence that the mosquito was also the vector of dengue, a fact later confirmed by Agramonte, in 1906, and by Simmons, in 1931.^[20] In Brazil, the entry of chikungunya and Zika viruses recently took place, in September 2014 and May 2015, respectively; both are also transmitted by A. aegypti.^[21]

The Aedes aegypti mosquito measures less than 1 cm and has a harmless appearance, it is black in color with white stripes on the body and legs. Its sting doesn’t hurt or itch. The life cycle of A. aegypti comprises four phases: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The eggs of the transmitting mosquito are laid under suitable conditions, that is, in hot and humid places such as those close to the waterline.^[22]

The ethology of A. aegypti influences its wide dispersion, favored in urban environments, preferably in the home and peridomestic conditions offered by the way of life of man. Their breeding sites are preferably artificial containers, such as those abandoned in the open space, rainwater reservoir, or for storing water for domestic use. This vector prefers to reproduce in clean water reservoirs, although it can adapt to new situations imposed by anthropic activities, adapting to other types of breeding sites, such as bromeliads and open sewers found in various urban centers. The presence of breeding sites in a human environment favors the rapid proliferation of the species, for two reasons: ideal conditions for reproduction and food sources.^[19]

Given the challenges of vector control and a serious and worrying situation concerning arboviruses delineated by the expansion of these viruses throughout the world, it is essential to adopt specific strategies, with greater investments in suitable methods of control this mosquito species. Therefore, in the current scenario of outbreaks and epidemics of Zika, chikungunya, and dengue, such a study becomes relevant, as it provides a strategy to reduce mosquito contact with humans.

THE PHYTOTHERAPIC POTENTIAL OF THE LAMIACEAE FAMILY AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR VECTOR CONTROL

Controlling Aedes is a major challenge, especially in developing countries. There are financial resources for vector control through program implementation, however, success has often not been achieved. Aspects related to the lack of garbage collection and intermittence in the water supply are factors that directly influence the traditional control methods.^[19]

As an alternative for chemical control of natural origin, herbal remedies that have insecticidal, larvicidal, and repellent action mechanisms appear. The use of insecticides to control adult mosquito populations (adulticides) and in their larval form (larvicides) can be done through focal and perifocal treatment and aerospace spraying of insecticides in an ultra-low volume (ULV). Repellents can be applied to the individual’s skin to repel mosquitoes and prevent bites.^[23]

Plants have defense mechanisms against insects, being able to synthesize, from different metabolic pathways, compounds as secondary metabolites and proteins that act as insecticidal toxins. These substances of plant origin that have recognized entomotoxic potential that awakes the interest of several researchers in the search for alternative strategies for the chemical control of Aedes aegypti.^[3]

Generally, chemical compounds are extracted from essential oils and plant extracts with repellent and insecticidal potential and studied for the formulation of products that are effective in controlling Aedes spp. Natural products of plant origin do not have environmental toxicity because they are biodegradable, avoiding environmental contamination. Unlike synthetic products, to which insects become increasingly resistant, making such products toxic and polluting.^[24]

With the operational and economic difficulties generated by the growing resistance of mosquitoes to synthetic insecticides, alternative methods gained new prominence and gained greater attention for being more efficient and cheaper, as they are obtained from renewable resources, rapidly degradable, and contain several substances that act simultaneously, causing the development of insect resistance to these substances to occur very slowly.^[23] The study for the development of herbal medicines with larvicidal, insecticidal, and repellent action against Aedes aegypti is recent, beginning in the 1980s, aiming to isolate and characterize these bioactive substances. Most studies are performed using crude extracts and essential oils, and in most of these cases, the compound responsible for the activity presented is not known. Many herbal products have active compounds, which act synergistically or in isolation, having characteristics that can be efficient for the control and monitoring of mosquito population.^[25]

Many studies prove the activity of essential oils and plant extracts in the control of different mosquito species^[26-28] including A. aegypti.^[29,30] The study of larvicide, insecticide, and repellent activities of compounds extracted from plants has been an alternative to synthetic products for vector control since there is no vaccine against dengue, which is treated only with medications that alleviate symptoms.

The research applied to vector control has identified the presence of several chemical compounds, that in general are monoterpenes, as well as sesquiterpenes, which have significant toxicity against insects, but negligible toxicity for animals.^[23,31,32] The mixture of these compounds provides the plants with their characteristic odor, protection against herbivores and pathogens, competition between plants, attraction for pollinators and seed dispersers, and symbiotic micro-organisms.^[25]

According to Silva,^[33] substances with LC₅₀ values (lethal death concentration of 50%) lower than 100ppm are considered good larvicidal agents. Ramos^[3] in his studies found that the plants Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum basilicum, Pogostemon heyneanus, and Hyptis crenata showed significant larvicidal potential with LC₅₀ values (ppm) of 76.6, 67.2, 69.9, and 89.4 respectively. Nasir et al.^[30] showed that the Mentha piperita species is highly toxic to A. aegypti mosquito larvae, reaching approximately 90% of larval mortality.

Silva et al.^[34] sought to evaluate the larvicidal potential in dragonfly larvae, in which the results were considered to be highly potent oils of the species Hesperozygis ringens (Bentham) Epling and Ocimum gratissimum with LC₅₀ of 62.92; 75.05 µl respectively. Veloso et al.^[35] found in their study efficient larvicidal action of the species Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) against A. aegypti larvae, noting that the rates of 5.0, 7.5, and 10 .0 µL of the essential oil were more efficient, showing 100% of dead larvae from the second evaluation period. These results corroborate the potential use of the species for larvicidal and repellent activity in future work to elucidate the mechanism of biological action.

The toxicity of a chemical substance is not necessarily associated with the death of insects, because other aspects may be linked to this action, such as repellency, deterrence, and antibiosis (adverse effect on their biology). To be considered a good insecticide or ‘ideal insecticide’, several factors must be taken into account, such as efficacy at low concentrations, absence of toxicity against higher mammals and animals, absence of phytotoxicity, easy obtainment, manipulation and application, economic viability and it does not have a cumulative effect on man and animals.^[25]

Several studies prove the insecticidal activity of essential oils and plant extracts in the control of different species.^[27,36,37] Savaris et al.^[38] in their study that evaluated the insecticidal activity of Cunila angustifolia found that all doses of essential oil of the species were 100% efficient in the mortality of adults of A. obtectus, 24 hr after exposure to insects. The species Foeniculum vulgare, also from the Lamiaceae family, showed 93% mortality compared to Tribolium castaneum H., a result found by Brito.^[39]

According to the bibliographic survey carried out by Lima et al.^[32] several plants of the Lamiaceae family produce essential oil with insecticidal activity, such as mint, oregano, thyme, and sage. Among the compounds with insecticidal activity, we can mention the terpenoid menthol, found in plants of the Mentha genus, which is a potent insecticide with inhibitory activity to the larval growth. In addition to the phenolic monoterpenoids, thymol, and carvacrol have antioxidant and insecticidal activity.

The essential oil of Ocimum selloi also showed efficient insecticidal (repellent) activity and did not present mutagenic and irritant risk in human skin^[40] Several compounds present in essential oils of other genera of this family, such as Origum, Teucrium and Hyptis, have been proven as insecticides, with compounds such as γ-terpinene, α-terpinene, linalool, methyl-eugenol, eugenol, β-pinene, α -pinene, 1,8-cineole, and citronellol.^[41-43] Essential oils extracted from different plants have been reported to have larvicidal and repellent properties against A. aegypti.^[44,45]

The study by Oliveira et al.^[46] verified the repellent activity of two species of the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of O. vulgare showed moderate repellent action with values of 8.9% to 37.8% of escape, with the highest percentage of escape (37.8%) observed for two different concentrations (0.5% and 1 .0%), which may indicate the knockdown effect that prevents the mosquito from escaping. The escape rates for T. vulgaris oil were higher, ranging from 4.4% to 68.9%. Concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5% are the most active, with an escape percentage of 66.7% and 68.9%, respectively. The values observed are based on the number of mosquitoes that escaped during the 30 min of the test, which was checked every 1 min.

In the repellency test against A. aegypti performed by Govindarajan et al.^[47] it can be seen that at concentrations of 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm² of Origanum scabrum provided 100% protection up to 210, 180, 150, and 120 min, respectively. These experimental data emphasizes the potential of the essential oil of the Lamiaceae family against A. aegypti.

CONCLUSION

This review was able to verify the larvicidal, insecticidal, and repellent potential of essential oils and plant extracts of the species of the Lamiaceae family, in the control of several species, including A. aegypti. The diversity of the chemical composition of these species is the most relevant factor associated with biological actions, proven by research that directs and supports the action of the major compounds in isolation or together (synergy).

The compounds found demonstrated the absence of toxicity against mammals and higher animals, the absence of phytotoxicity, in addition to the fact that the species of the Lamiaceae family are easy to obtain, manipulate and adapt, and their cultivation is economical and without cumulative effect for man and animals.

In this context, this review presents perspectives that encourage the execution of new tests using samples with lower concentrations to verify which may be suitable for the formulation of herbal medicines, such as repellents that can serve as a natural alternative for the control and reduction of diseases transmitted by A. aegypti.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful for the financial support for the development of this work, offered by the funding agency CNPq – National Council for Scientific and Technological Development and UNIFAP - Federal University of Amapá.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest

REFERENCES

 1. Cunha SL, Carvalho MG, Gualberto AS, Torres DSC, Vasconcelos KCF, Oliveira NF. Bioatividade do Extrato Etanólico do Caule de Croton linearifolius Mull. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) sobre Cochliomya macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Acta Vet Bras. 2010;4(4):252-8.

 2. Menezes ELA. Inseticidas botânicos: seus princípios ativos, modo de ação e uso agrícola. Agrobiologia. 2005.

 3. Ramos RS. Estudo fitoquímico e da atividade microbiológica, de citoxicidade e larvicida dos óleos essenciais da espécie da família Lamiaceae (Lamiales) [dissertação]. Macapá: Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amapá; 2014.

 4. Galvão CM, SawadaNO, Trevizan MA. Revisão sistemática: recurso que proporciona a incorporação das evidências na prática da enfermagem. Rev Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2004;12(3):549-56. doi: 10.1590/S0104-11692004000300014.

 5. Di stasi LC. Plantas Medicinais: verdades e mentiras - o que os usuários e os profissionais da saúde precisam saber. São Paulo: UNESP; 2007.

 6. Ghizi A, Mezzomo TR. Uso de plantas medicinais e satisfação de consumidores de lojas de produtos naturais do mercado municipal de Curitiba, PR. Rev Fitos. 2015;9(2):145-55. doi: 10.5935/2446-4775.20150012.

 7. Rocha FAG, Araújo MFF, COSTA NDL, Silva RPO. Uso terapêutico da flora na história mundial. [Holos, Rio Grande do Norte]. 2015;1:49-61.

 8. Coan CM, Matias T. A utilização das plantas medicinais pela comunidade indígena de Ventarra Altas- RS. Revista de Educação do IDEAU. Vol. 18. Rio Grande do Sul: REI; 2013. p. 8.

 9. Muller LA, Carmo MRB. Herbário da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (HUPG): uma contribuição para o conhecimento das plantas medicinais nativas da região dos Campos Gerais. In: CONEX: CONVERSANDO sobre extensão. Vol. 14. Ponta Grossa: UEPG; 2016, Ponta Grossa. Anais.

10. Metabólitos SCMA secundários de plantas do semi-árido de Pernanbuco – uma inovação no controle de fitopatógenos. Mestrado em bioquímica e fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernanbuco, Pernanbuco [dissertação]; 2013. 112 f.

11. Rezende FM, Rosado D, Moreira FA, Carvalho WRS. Vias de síntese de metabólitos secundários em plantas. In: Botânica no INVERNO. Vol. 6. São Paulo: Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Botânica; 2016, São Paulo. Anais.. p. 223p.

12. Vizzotto M, Krolow NA, Weber GEB. Metabólitos secundários encontrados em plantas e sua importância. Embrapa clima temperado. Pelotas; 2010.

13. Angelo PM, Jorge N. Compostos fenólicos em alimentos: Uma breve revisão. Revista Inst. Adolf Lutz. 2007;66(1):1-9.

14. Ferreira DLR. Plantas medicinais utilizadas em 9 comunidades rurais de Itacoatiara e aspectos anatômicos e histoquímicos de duas espécies (Pogostemmon cablin Benth. e Tripogandra glandulosa (Seub.) Rowh). 118f [tese], Doutorado em Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas. Manaus; 2016.

15. Araújo LLN. Características morfofisiológicas, produção e composição de óleo essencial em folhas de Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd-Lamiaceae cultivada em diferentes níveis de sombreamento. 81f [dissertação]. Goiânia: Mestrado em Biodiversidade Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Goiás; 2014.

16. Lorenzi H, Gonçalves EG. Morfologia vegetal: organografia e dicionário ilustrado de morfologia das plantas vasculares. [Nova Odessa: Instituto Plantarum de estudos da flora], 2007.

17. Lorenzi H, Matos EJA. Plantas medicinais do Brasil: nativas e exóticas. 2. Instituto Plantarum de estudos da flora Odessa N, editor. Vol. 576; 2008.

18. Basílio IJLD, Agra MF, Rocha EA, Leal CKA, Abrantes HF. Estudo farmacobotânico comparativo das folhas de Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. e Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Lamiaceae). Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense. 2006;25(4):518-25.

19. Zara ALSA, Santos SM, Fernandes-oliveira ES, Carvalho RG, Coelho GE. Estratégias de controle do Aedes aegypti: uma revisão. Epidemiol Serv Saúde. 2016, 25(2):1-9.

20. Braga IA, Valle D. Aedes aegypti: inseticidas, mecanismos de ação e resistência. Epidemiol Serv Saúde. 2007;16(4). doi: 10.5123/S1679-49742007000400006.

21. Valle D, Nacif Pimenta D, Aguiar R. Zika, dengue e chikungunya: desafios e questões. Epidemiol Serv Saúde;25(2):1-2. doi: 10.5123/S1679-49742016000200020.

22. Silva JS, Mariano ZF, Scopel I. A dengue no Brasil e as políticas de combate ao Aedes aegypti: tentativa de erradicação às políticas de controle. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Médica e da Saúde. Hygeia. 2008;3(6).

23. MAKETE LDM. Produtos naturais de origem vegetal como alternativas ao controle dos mosquitos transmissores da dengue no Brasil. 2016.42 f. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, Licenciatura em Ciências da Natureza e matemática, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira. Acarape; 2016.

24. Busato MA, Vitorello J, Lutinski JA, Magro JD, Scapinello J. POTENCIAL LARVICIDA DE MELIA AZEDARACH L. E ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS ST. HIL. NO CONTROLE DE AEDES AEGYPTI (LINNAEUS, 1762) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE). [No controle de Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Díptera: Culicidae)]. Revista do Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas. 2015;37(2):277-82. doi: 10.5902/2179460X15922.

25. Neves RT, Rondon JN, Silva LIMd, Peruca RD, Ítavo LCV, Carvalho CME, Souza APd, Fabri JR. Efeito larvicida de Ricinus communis L.. REGET. 2018;18(1). doi: 10.5902/2236117010837.

26. Costa AR, Pereira OS, Barros LM, Duarte AE, Gomez MCV, Rolón M. et al. A citotoxidade e avaliação da atividade antiprotozoária de Melissa officcinalis L. (CIDRO-Melisa). Rev Cuba Plant Med. 2016;21(4).

27. Liu XC, Liu Q, Chen XB, Zhou L, Liu ZL. Larvicidal activity of the essential oil from Tetradium glabrifolium fruits and its constituents against Aedes albopictus. Pest Manag Sci. 2015;71(11):1582-6. doi: 10.1002/ps.3964, PMID 25504672.

28. Missah B. Larvicical and anti-plasmodial constituents of Carapa procera DC. (Meliaceae) and Hyptis suaveolens L. Poit. (Lamiaceae). 2014. Kumasi. 86 p. MPhil Pharmacognosy’s Thesis. Department of Pharmacognosy, Ghana: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.

29. Gomes PRB, Silva ALS, Pinheiro HA, Carvalho LL, Lima HS, Silva EF, Silva RP, Louzeiro CH, Oliveira MB, Filho VEM. Avaliação da atividade larvicida do óleo essencial do Zingiber officinale Roscoe (gengibre) frente ao mosquito Aedes aegypti. Rev bras plantas med. 2016;18(2);Suppl 1:597-604. doi: 10.1590/1983-084x/15_214.

30. Nasir S et al. Bioactivity of oils from medicinal plants against immature stages of dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Int J Agric Biol. 2015;17(4):1-2.

31. Santos SS, Almeida SSMS. Screening fitoquímico e avaliação da atividade tóxica sobre artemiae salina Das folhas de Vismia guianensis (AUBL.) PERS. HIPERIACACEAE. Rev Biol Cienc Terra. 2015;15:1-8.

32. Lima RK, Cardoso MG. Família Lamiaceae: importantes óleos essenciais com ação biológica e antioxidante. Rev Fitos. 2007;3.

33. Silva PCB. Caracterização química, atividade larvicida e deterrente de oviposição do óleo essencial da inflorescência do Bastão do Imperados (Etlingera elatior) frente à Aedes aegypti [dissertação]. Recife: Mestrado em Química, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; 2012. 105 f.

34. Silva DT, Silva LL, Amaral LP, Pinheiro CG, Pires MM, Schindler B, Garlet QI, Benovit SC, Baldisserotto B, Longhi SJ, Kotzian CB, Heinzmann BM. Larvicidal activity of Brazilian plant essential oils against Coenagrionidae larvae. J Econ Entomol. 2014;107(4):1713-20. doi: 10.1603/ec13361, PMID 25195467.

35. Veloso RA, Castro HGd, Cardoso DP, Chagas LFB, Chagas Júnior AFJ. Óleos essenciais de manjericão e capim citronela no controle de larvas de Aedes aegypti. Rev Verde Agroecol Desenvolvimento Sustentável. 2015;10(2):101-5. doi: 10.18378/rvads.v10i2.3322.

36. Matias NG. Avaliação da atividade larvicida de extratos vegetais frente ao Aedes aegypti. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, Farmácia, Faculdade de Pindamonhangaba, Pindamnhangaba, 2015.

37. Santana HT, Trindade FTT, Stabeli RG, Silva AAE, Militão JSLT, Facundo VA. Essential oils leaves of Piper species display larvicidal activity against the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Rev Bras. 2015;1:17.

38. Savaris M, Lampert S, García FRM, Sabedot-bordin SM, Moura NF. Atividade inseticida de Cunila angustifolia sobre adultos de Acanthoscelides obtectus em laboratório. Cienc Tecnol. 2012;5(1):1-5.

39. Brito AS. Atividade inseticida e repelência de óleos essenciais em Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) [dissertação]. Serra Talhada: Mestrado em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco; 2015.

40. Padilha de Paula JP, Gomes-carneiro MR, Paumgartten FJR. Chemical composition, toxicity and mosquito repellency of Ocimum selloi oil. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;88(2-3):253-60. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00233-2, PMID 12963152.

41. Gulluce M, Sokmen M, Sahin F, Sokmen A, Adiguzel A, Ozer H. Biological activities of the essential oils and methanol extract of Micromeria fructicosa (L) Druce subsp. Serpyllifolia (Bieb) P.H. Davis plants in eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. J Sci Food Agric. 2004;84(7):735-41.

42. Sahin F, Güllüce M, Daferera D, Sökmen A, Sökmen M, Polissiou M, Agar G, Özer H. Biological activities of the essential oils and methanol extract of Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Food Control. 2004;15(7):549-57. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2003.08.009.

43. Sahin F, Karaman I, Güllüce M, Ogütçü H, Sengül M, Adigüzel A, Oztürk S, Kotan R. Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of Satureja hortensis L. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;87(1):61-5. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00110-7, PMID 12787955.

44. Bosly B. Evaluation of insecticidal activities of Mentha piperita and Lavandula angustifolia essential oils against house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). J Entomol Nematol. 2013;5(4):50-4. doi: 10.5897/JEN2013.0073.

45. Kumar S, Wahab N, Warikoo R. Bioefficacy of Mentha piperita essential oil against dengue fever mosquito Aedes aegypti L. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(2):85-8. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60001-4, PMID 23569733.

46. de Oliveira AA, França LP, Ramos AdS, Ferreira JLP, Maria ACB, Oliveira KMT, Jr ESA, da Silva JN, Branches ADS, Barros GdA, da Silva NG, Tadei WP, Amaral ACF, de Andrade Silva JR. Larvicidal, adulticidal and repellent activities against Aedes aegypti L. of two commonly used spices, Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L. S Afr J Bot. 2021;140:17-24. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2021.03.005.

47. Govindarajan M, Kadaikunnan S, Alharbi NS, Benelli G. Acute toxicity and repellent activity of the Origanum scabrum Boiss. & Heldr. (Lamiaceae) essential oil against four mosquito vectors of public health importance and its biosafety on non-target aquatic organisms. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016;23(22):23228-38. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7568-2, PMID 27604128.